خاستگاه قانون در اسلام؛ با نگاهی به شواهد قرآنیِ نظریه قانون طبیعی

‌ ∴ Introduction ∴ ‌
The Holy Quran stands as a foundational source for comprehending the principles that underpin Islamic thought across diverse domains, with legal studies and philosophy being notably pivotal. Within the realm of legal philosophy, the origin of laws and the identification of sources for distinguishing right from wrong have given rise to various legal doctrines, among which the natural law theory holds significance. This article undertakes an exploration of the origins of law in Islam, specifically examining the Qur'anic evidences in conjunction with the natural law theory. The focal point is deciphering whether the Quran aligns with the principles of natural law or diverges in its perspective on ethical and legal obligations.
‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌
In the context of Islamic legal thought, a fundamental question arises: What is the origin of obligations according to the Quran? Does the Quran provide evidence that resonates with the principles of "natural law," or does it present a distinct perspective on ethical and legal obligations? This inquiry is pivotal as its implications extend into legal, legislative, and ethical systems. The central concern lies in determining the criteria for the legitimacy of laws, the standards for ethical conduct, and the broader impact on political philosophy within the Islamic framework. The crux of this exploration hinges on unraveling the Quranic evidence, especially within the Holy Quran.
‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌
The hypothesis underpinning this research posits that if there exists evidence within the verses of the Quran, the origin of rights in Islam aligns closely with the principles of natural law theory. The assumption is rooted in the understanding that natural law theory, which asserts the intrinsic nature of rights and wrongs, may find resonance in the divine legislation as expounded in the Quran. The research aims to scrutinize and evaluate the Quranic verses to discern whether divine legislation is akin to contractual laws or if it aligns more with the inherent concepts of good and evil. The research hypothesis, therefore, becomes a guide in exploring the compatibility between Islamic thought and the natural law doctrine.
‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌
This research adopts a multifaceted methodology to address the complexities of the research question. Firstly, it engages in the conceptualization and analysis of natural law theories and positive laws, delineating their primary features and definitions. This serves as the foundational step in creating a comparative framework. Subsequently, an analytical and inferential approach is employed towards selected Quranic verses. These verses are scrutinized to discern any alignment or disparity with the characteristics of natural law theories. The comparative approach is paramount, placing Quranic findings side by side with the tenets of the natural law theory to illuminate potential correlations or distinctions.
     The historical background is considered crucial, acknowledging the ancient roots of legal philosophy and the formulation of laws in Islamic civilization. Attention is given to theological discussions, especially those pertaining to the oneness of God and legislation, recognizing the centrality of these themes in the theoretical formulation of the issue. Importantly, the research acknowledges the divergence in structure, terminology, and titles between Islamic theology and contemporary legal philosophy, highlighting the need to trace the origin of the issue within theological and doctrinal foundations.
     In summary, the research method encompasses a conceptual analysis, an analytical approach to Quranic verses, and a comparative framework that places Islamic thought within the context of natural law theory. The historical background provides the necessary context for understanding the development of these ideas within Islamic civilization.
‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌
The exploration of Quranic verses reveals a nuanced relationship between Islamic thought and the principles of natural law. The Quran is acknowledged as the paramount source of knowledge for Islamic social systems, attributing both creation and legislation to God. Yet, a careful analysis suggests that the Quranic perspective does not entirely align with positive laws. Instead, evidence emerges within Quranic verses that manifests an acknowledgment of and alignment with natural law in legislative systems. The results can be categorized into two groups, providing insights into the interplay between divine legislation and natural law.
     Firstly, certain verses within the Quran articulate the intrinsic goodness or evilness within the nature of specific actions, irrespective of religious commands. These verses align with the foundational tenets of natural laws, suggesting that the Quran recognizes an inherent moral order that precedes divine legislative intent. The implication is that certain actions carry an intrinsic virtue or vice, independent of external influences such as governmental will or divine intervention.
     Secondly, other verses exhibit an overlap with the rational aspect of natural law. These verses entrust the perception of good and evil in certain matters to human reason and conscience. Here, actions and behaviors within the created system are seen as intrinsically inclined towards good or evil, manifesting in conduct without external interference. Religious laws, in this context, assume a role in guiding, emphasizing, or determining these internal virtues of good and evil. While not all religious laws fall under this category, a significant portion, particularly those foundational to law and ethics, aligns harmoniously with the principles of the natural law doctrine.
‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌
The findings of this research shed light on the relationship between the Holy Quran and the natural law theory. While the Quran is unequivocally regarded as the foundational source for Islamic knowledge, including legal and ethical principles, it does not strictly adhere to the framework of positive laws. The evidence presented in Quranic verses supports the argument that a substantial part of rights and wrongs in Islam is rooted in the essence of actions, aligning with the principles of the natural law theory.
     Categorizing the Quranic verses into those reflecting inherent goodness or evilness and those overlapping with the rational aspect of natural law provides a comprehensive understanding of the Quran's stance. The acknowledgement of an intrinsic moral order, predating religious commands, challenges a purely positivist interpretation of Islamic legislation. Moreover, the Quranic alignment with the rational aspect of natural law underscores the role of human reason and conscience in discerning ethical values, reinforcing the idea that certain virtues and vices exist independently of external influences.
     It is crucial to emphasize that the alignment between Islamic thought and natural law does not necessitate a strictly secular interpretation. The foundational theory of natural law itself is not inherently secular, and certain religious statements within Islam harmonize with its principles. While secular interpretations of natural law have gained prominence in recent centuries, the historical context reminds us that a divine interpretation is equally viable.
     In light of these findings, the conclusion posits that the foundation of natural laws is not contingent on secularist assumptions. Instead, it can coexist with religious and divine interpretations, as observed in the dynamic interplay between the Holy Quran and the principles of natural law in Islamic legal philosophy. The nuanced relationship uncovered in this research prompts further exploration and dialogue within the intersection of Islamic thought, legal philosophy, and ethics, contributing to a richer understanding of the foundations of law in Islam.