‌Context & Objective: The construction sector in Iran is entangled in numerous legal complications, particularly concerning unauthorized developments and structural safety. Article 100 of the Iranian Municipal Law lacks a criminal enforcement framework, and the National Building Regulations suffer from weak compliance mechanisms. These legal shortcomings have resulted in a widespread failure of municipalities to prevent illegal construction, further exacerbated by financial motivations tied to violation fines, creating an institutional conflict of interest. These deficiencies significantly contribute to incidents involving building collapses. This article aims to investigate the jurisprudential foundations and the civil liability of municipalities in such events. The core research question explores the nature and scope of municipal civil liability in light of Islamic legal principles and Iranian legal practice.
 ‌Method & Approach: This study employs a doctrinal methodology combined with an inductive analytical approach. It systematically examines Islamic jurisprudential sources, statutory provisions, and judicial precedents in Iran to identify the normative and legal bases for municipal responsibility.
 ‌Findings: The analysis indicates that fragmented legislation, weak enforcement mechanisms, and insufficient regulatory clarity are pivotal factors in the failure of key stakeholders—including property owners, contractors, and municipal bodies—to meet their legal and regulatory responsibilities. These issues create conditions conducive to misconduct and neglect. Moreover, traditional defenses such as the non-liability of trustees and public interest arguments do not hold uniformly in cases involving municipal inaction or misconduct. Instead, principles like la-zarar (no harm), itlaf (destruction), and tasbib (causation) are more directly applicable in holding municipalities accountable.
 ‌Conclusion: The study concludes that municipalities, by virtue of their regulatory role and legal identity, bear civil liability for damages resulting from building collapses when their failure to enforce construction laws contributes to such events. Relying on Islamic jurisprudential doctrines such as wilayat al-hakim (governmental guardianship), public order, and foundational principles of justice and equity, the research asserts that municipal entities cannot evade liability under the guise of public function. Rather, they are legally and morally obliged to provide redress for harms resulting from their regulatory failures.