امکان‌سنجی قابلیت استماع دعوی مجهول

‌ ∴ Introduction ∴ ‌
The principle of access to justice occupies a central place in both modern legal systems and classical Islamic jurisprudence. Within any structured legal order, especially in a civil society founded on rule of law, the ability of individuals—both natural and legal persons—to assert their rights through judicial processes is fundamental. Accordingly, the law not only recognizes the right to file claims but also institutionalizes procedural safeguards to ensure the fairness and integrity of litigation. Among these safeguards, the requirement that claims be clear and well-defined is pivotal. If such clarity is lacking, the legal system risks adjudicating disputes on ambiguous grounds, thereby compromising judicial certainty and undermining the enforceability of rulings.
     Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), particularly within the Shi'a tradition, is no exception to this requirement. The classical jurists have elaborated on the essential elements of a valid claim, repeatedly emphasizing the necessity of its clarity. The prevailing view in Shi'a legal doctrine holds that claims which are vague—those lacking specificity in terms of the object, quantity, or identifying features—are inadmissible and do not merit judicial consideration. Nevertheless, a minority view within Islamic jurisprudence challenges this assumption and suggests that in some circumstances, vague claims may still be worthy of review and adjudication, particularly when partial information emerges during the judicial process.
     The impetus for the present research stems from this jurisprudential divergence. Although contemporary Iranian civil procedure law aligns with the traditional requirement of claim clarity, this alignment has not extinguished academic or judicial interest in re-examining the boundaries of admissibility. This study seeks to explore the doctrinal roots and contemporary relevance of these divergent views, using a systematic and critical approach rooted in Islamic legal theory.
 
‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌
The central research question of this study is:
     To what extent can vague claims be considered admissible and subject to judicial review under Islamic jurisprudence, and under what conditions—if any—can such claims be substantiated and lead to a legal remedy?
 
‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌
This study is premised on the hypothesis that the absolute inadmissibility of vague claims, as maintained by the majority of jurists, does not adequately reflect the dynamic nature of judicial inquiry in Islamic law. Rather, the hypothesis posits that certain categories of vague claims—particularly those wherein the claimant holds certainty of a right but lacks full descriptive detail—may be conditionally admissible.
     Furthermore, it is argued that the evolution of judicial processes and the recognition of partial evidence or clarification through procedural mechanisms (e.g., interrogation, testimony, or defendant’s admission) support a more flexible approach. This hypothesis does not negate the importance of clarity but challenges the absolutist interpretation that treats all vague claims as inherently defective. The research contends that when judicial review leads to incremental clarity, such claims may satisfy the epistemic and procedural standards required by Islamic jurisprudence.
 
‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌
This research employs a doctrinal and analytical methodology, grounded in the study of primary Islamic legal texts (including classical jurisprudential treatises), contemporary commentaries, and relevant statutory provisions in Iranian law. It engages in a comparative analysis between majority and minority positions among Shiite jurists, examining their textual evidences, reasoning patterns (taʿlīl), and interpretive strategies (ijtihād).
 
‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌
This study critically examined the doctrinal positions of classical and contemporary Islamic jurists regarding the admissibility of vague claims. A thorough analysis of juristic texts revealed a clear doctrinal majority maintaining that clarity of the claim is a mandatory condition for judicial admissibility. According to this view, adjudication must be based on a clearly stated and identifiable claim; otherwise, the judgment itself lacks determinacy and becomes legally ineffective. This aligns with classical Islamic procedural principles that emphasize the necessity of al-ʿilm (knowledge) for both litigants and judges in rendering fair rulings.
     However, a minority of contemporary jurists—particularly those who emphasize maṣlaḥah (public interest) and procedural equity—challenge this rigid formulation. These scholars argue that substantive justice may require courts to consider vague claims, especially when they arise from genuine cases of real ignorance (jahl) rather than litigation misconduct or carelessness. The study shows that these minority jurists rely heavily on overarching Islamic legal maxims, such as lā ḍarar wa-lā ḍirār (no harm, no harming) and the sīrah ʿuqalāʾ (conduct of the wise), as rational bases for softening procedural barriers.
     Empirical parallels from Iranian civil law, especially Articles 34, 56, 61, and 159 of the Constitution, were invoked to support the latter view. These articles frame the judiciary as a venue to actualize justice and affirm the unconditional right of all citizens to seek legal remedy. The study finds that these constitutional norms are conceptually compatible with the idea of hearing vague claims when the litigant can demonstrate certainty of harm or entitlement, even if they cannot describe the object or exact quantity in dispute.
     Moreover, it was noted that in many practical cases, vague claims gradually gain clarity during the litigation process. Cross-examination, defendant responses, and the use of circumstantial evidence often help reconstruct the necessary specifics. As such, immediate dismissal of vague claims not only inflicts procedural injustice but also deprives the plaintiff of their constitutional right to judicial review.
     The study also explores procedural tools that Islamic courts can deploy to resolve vague claims without compromising judicial integrity. These include invoking the defendant’s oath (yamīn), facilitating compulsory reconciliation (ṣulḥ), or ruling in favor of the least possible claim (aqqal al-mawārid) when ambiguity cannot be fully resolved. These mechanisms, found within traditional Islamic judicial practice, offer flexible responses that mitigate the harms of vagueness without undermining legal precision.
     In sum, the findings demonstrate that while classical Islamic jurisprudence was cautious toward vague claims, Islamic legal theory is not inherently averse to their consideration—especially when balanced against principles of harm avoidance and judicial obligation. This opens a legitimate path for context-sensitive interpretation within modern judicial frameworks that remain faithful to Islamic legal heritage.
 
‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌
The prevailing doctrine among classical Islamic jurists affirms that vague claims are inadmissible, positing that the lack of specificity undermines both the judicial process and the enforceability of rulings. This view emphasizes that the judge’s mandate is to issue rulings based on well-defined claims. If the claim is vague, any resulting judgment is likewise ambiguous and legally defective.
     In contrast, this study has highlighted a compelling minority view—backed by rational and constitutional principles—that recognizes the admissibility of vague claims under specific circumstances. It argues that under Article 34 of Iran’s Constitution, every individual holds an unqualified right to judicial recourse, and judges are duty-bound to provide a hearing, even when the claim is imprecise. This interpretation is reinforced by the rational conduct of society (sīrah ʿuqalāʾ), which holds that claims based on real, non-malicious uncertainty still merit attention.
     When a plaintiff demonstrates certainty in the occurrence of a harm (e.g., theft or unreturned loan) but cannot specify the exact item due to the passage of time or memory lapse, denying their claim amounts to procedural injustice. To resolve such cases, Islamic jurisprudence already provides a suite of mechanisms—defendant oath, compulsory reconciliation, and minimal ruling—that permit the court to deliver equitable outcomes even amid evidentiary ambiguity.
     Accordingly, this study concludes that realistic and sincere vague claims should be admitted, especially when grounded in the plaintiff’s certainty and corroborated through procedural clarification. The assumption that all vague claims are inherently frivolous is both legally and morally untenable. Islamic jurisprudence, with its ethical and rational foundations, supports the judiciary’s proactive role in uncovering truth and securing justice—even when confronted with imperfect claims.
     Thus, vague claims stemming from real ignorance—particularly where the defendant is known and the harm is certain—should be deemed legally admissible and subject to full judicial process, rather than dismissed at the outset.