Journal of Islamic Law Research

Journal of Islamic Law Research

The Imperatives of Constitutional Borrowing in Islamic Countries

Type : Research Article

Authors
1 PhD Student in Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Professor, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
 ‌Context & Objective: Following the movement of constitutional codification, legal systems frequently utilize diverse sources to design their constitutions, prominently drawing upon the constitutional experiences of other nations. The transfer of legal ideas from a foreign jurisdiction requires a definitive framework to ensure accurate execution, a phenomenon identified conceptually as constitutional borrowing. Proper execution of constitutional borrowing necessitates strict adherence to foundational prerequisites. While certain general principles govern this practice universally across all legal frameworks, jurisdictions sharing a unified structural basis—specifically a foundation rooted in religion—require specialized principles. Islamic countries represent a prominent example of systems sharing this religious foundation. Given the globalization of the Islamic religion as a civilizational competitor and the contemporary efforts of various nations to Islamize their legal systems, establishing these specialized rules is critical. Historically, one of the vulnerabilities of modern Islamic revolutions has been the uncritical adoption of non-Islamic models without rigorous evaluation. Consequently, Islamic nations must observe specific mandates when borrowing from either Islamic or non-Islamic foreign constitutions. The primary objective is to conceptualize this phenomenon accurately and address the core question: What are the imperatives of constitutional borrowing in Islamic countries?
 ‌Method & Approach: A descriptive-analytical approach combined with a doctrinal methodology is utilized to address the central question. Library-based studies serve as the primary mechanism to systematically examine the concepts of constitutional borrowing and the defining characteristics of Islamic states, thereby establishing the precise normative framework governing the adoption of foreign constitutional elements in these jurisdictions.
 ‌Findings: The realization of functional constitutional borrowing in Islamic countries is contingent upon the strict observance of 16 specific imperatives. A primary imperative is the preservation of the structural identity of the ummah (the unified global Muslim community), ensuring that borrowed elements do not undermine Islamic solidarity. Borrowing is exclusively permissible within the manṭaqat al-farāgh (the sphere of discretionary matters where Islamic jurisprudence permits human legislative choice), prohibiting the adoption of foreign rules where definitive Islamic mandates exist. The process requires a committee of religious experts and committed jurists operating under the supervision of Islamic scholars. Decision-makers must verify the authenticity of purportedly Islamic propositions to prevent the infiltration of alien ideologies. The framework expressly prohibits extreme imitation of secular models, mandating the pursuit of an independent socio-economic paradigm. Borrowing must not impede the globalization of Islam or facilitate foreign domination, aligning with the principle of nafī-e sabīl (the prohibition of non-Muslim authority over Muslims). Islamic states must avoid rigid adherence to existing colonial infrastructures. The centrality of Sharīʿat (Islamic law) must remain intact, and constitutional architects must reject the wholesale adoption of foreign structural totalities. Borrowed elements must be meticulously aligned with the muḥkamāt (the clear, foundational principles) of Islam. The foundational ideals of the political system must be generated internally, and drafters must actively engage in lexical innovation rather than relying on foreign terminology. Adopted elements must simultaneously secure both religious legitimacy and popular acceptability. Finally, mandatory indicators of an Islamic constitution—such as the recognition of Islam as the official religion, the requirement that the head of state be Muslim, and the designation of Islam as the supreme source of legislation—are fundamental identity markers entirely exempt from the borrowing mechanism.
 ‌Conclusion: The realization of the normative goals of any political system relies heavily on the precise formulation of constitutional rules. Constitutional borrowing is not a mechanical imitation; rather, it constitutes an intentional mechanism that demands the active contextualization of foreign ideas. For a state to be genuinely classified as Islamic, it must fully base its political structure and governance on Islamic teachings rather than relying merely on demographic majorities. The application of the identified imperatives ensures that Islamic countries can benefit from accumulated human experience without compromising their ideological integrity. By adhering to these guidelines, states can prevent structural deviations, maintain the centrality of Islamic law, and actively facilitate the broader strategic objective of establishing a modern Islamic civilization.
Keywords
Subjects

  1. Abolfazli Karizi, Hossein, & Sotoudeh, Mohammad (1389 SH/2010). Vākāvī-ye Moʾallafeh-hā-ye Taʾṯīr-gozār bar Ham-garāyī-ye Kešvarhā-ye Eslāmī (Bā Taʾkīd bar Ẓarfīyat-hā-ye Enqelāb-e Eslāmī) [Analysis of Influential Components on the Convergence of Islamic Countries (With Emphasis on the Capacities of the Islamic Revolution)]. Negaresh-hay-e Now dar Joghrafiya-ye Ensani [New Attitudes in Human Geography Journal], No. 44 [in Persian].
  2. Adler, M. D. (1998). Can constitutional borrowing be justified? University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, 1.
  3. Ahmed, D. I., & Gouda, M. (2015). Measuring constitutional Islamization: The Islamic constitutions index. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 1.
  4. Ahmed, Ishtiaque; Saara, Tasnim Hasan; and Elma, Imtrita Hossain (2024). The Confluence of Divine Law and Modern Legal Systems: Insights from Sharia on Achieving Balance Between Justice and Equity. Journal of Islamic Law Research, 25(4), 811-836. doi: 10.30497/law.2024.246488.3559
  5. Ajorlou, Esmail (1395 SH/2016). Ḥoqūq-e Asāsī-ye Kešvarhā-ye Eslāmī [Constitutional Law of Islamic Countries]. Tehran: Guardian Council Research Institute [in Persian].
  6. al-Bsherawy, Ammar Kareim Kadham; and al-Obaidi, Kasim Hayaal Resan (2024). Legal Transplantation to the Muslim World: A Case Study of the Iraqi Civil Code under the Auspices of al-Sanhūrī's Legal Approaches. Journal of Islamic Law Research, 25(4), 783-810. doi: 10.30497/law.2024.245602.3472
  7. Al-Hibri, A. Y. (1998). Islamic and American constitutional law: Borrowing possibilities or a history of borrowing? University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, 1.
  8. Amid Zanjani, Abbasali (1384 SH/2005). Ḥoqūq-e Asāsī-ye Taṭbīqī; Ḥoqūq-e Asāsī-ye Kešvarhā-ye Ġarbī va Kešvarhā-ye Eslāmī [Comparative Constitutional Law; Constitutional Law of Western Countries and Islamic Countries]. Tehran: Mizan [in Persian].
  9. Arian Nezhad, Ali (1405 SH/2026). Oṣūl-e Ḥākem bar Eqtebās-e Qānūn-e Asāsī bā Taʾkīd bar Kešvarhā-ye Eslāmī [Governing Principles of Constitutional Borrowing with Emphasis on Islamic Countries] (Doctoral dissertation). Tehran: University of Tehran [in Persian].
  10. Bahadori Jahromi, Mohammad, & Kadkhodamoradi, Kamal (1398 SH/2019). Naqš va Aṯar-e Emām Khomeynī (Raḥmatallāh ʿAlayh) dar Takvīn va Tadvīn-e Qānūn-e Asāsī-ye Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān [The Role and Effect of Imam Khomeini (May God have mercy on him) in the Genesis and Drafting of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran]. Danesh-e Hoquq-e Omumi [Public Law Knowledge], No. 25 [in Persian].
  11. Bayat, Hadi (1389 SH/2010). Qānūn va Qānūn-gozārī dar Andīšeh-ye Doktor Šahīd Beheštī [Law and Legislation in the Thought of Dr. Shahid Beheshti] (In Law and Legislation in the Views of Shi'a Thinkers by Mohammad Javad Javid). Tehran: Imam Sadiq University [in Persian].
  12. Bernard-Maugiron, N. (2021). Religious references in the constitutions of the Arab world: Islamization of the constitution or constitutionalization of religion? In R. Grote, F. J. Röder, & A. R. M. A. Shiyji (Eds.), Constitutional review in the Middle East and North Africa (pp. 271-289). Oxford University Press.
  13. Chapra, Umer (1383 SH/2004). Kešvarhā-ye Eslāmī; Čālešhā-ye Pīš-e Rū va Rāh-ḥal-hā (Economics Department of the Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought, Trans.) [Islamic Countries; Facing Challenges and Solutions]. Eqtesad-e Eslami [Islamic Economics], No. 16 [in Persian].
  14. General Directorate of Cultural Affairs and Public Relations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (1368 SH/1989). Rāhnamā-ye Estefādeh az Ṣūrat-e Mašrūḥ-e Moẕākerāt-e Majles-e Barresī-ye Nahāyī-ye Qānūn-e Asāsī [Guide to Using the Detailed Minutes of the Negotiations of the Final Review Assembly of the Constitution]. Tehran: Islamic Consultative Assembly [in Persian].
  15. General Directorate of Cultural Affairs and Public Relations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (1380 SH/2001 a). Rāhnamā-ye Estefādeh az Ṣūrat-e Mašrūḥ-e Moẕākerāt-e Šūrā-ye Bāznegari-ye Qānūn-e Asāsī [Guide to Using the Detailed Minutes of the Negotiations of the Constitution Revision Council]. Tehran: Islamic Consultative Assembly [in Persian].
  16. General Directorate of Cultural Affairs and Public Relations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (1380 SH/2001 b). Ṣūrat-e Mašrūḥ-e Moẕākerāt-e Šūrā-ye Bāznegari-ye Qānūn-e Asāsī-ye Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān [Detailed Minutes of the Negotiations of the Constitution Revision Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran] (Vols. 1 & 2). Tehran: Islamic Consultative Assembly [in Persian].
  17. Ghamami, Sayyid Mohammad Mehdi, & Ajorlou, Esmail (1397 SH/2018). Elzāmāt-e Taḥaqqoq-e Ommat-e Eslāmī va Goẕār az Dowlat-e Modern (Barresī-ye Mowżūʿī dar Kešvarhā-ye Eslāmī) [Requirements for the Realization of the Islamic Ummah and the Transition from the Modern State (Thematic Study in Islamic Countries)]. Hokumat-e Eslami [Islamic Government], No. 89 [in Persian].
  18. Ghazi Shariatpanahi, Sayyid Abolfazl (1400 SH/2021). Ḥoqūq-e Asāsī va Nehādhā-ye Sīyāsī [Constitutional Law and Political Institutions]. Tehran: Mizan [in Persian].
  19. Habibnejad, Sayyid Ahmad, & Haqqpanahian, Zohreh (1401 SH/2022). Farāyand-e Ebtekār-e Taqnīnī va Moʾallafeh-hā-ye Moʾaṯṯer dar Ān bā Taʾkīd bar Moḵāṭab-e Qānūn dar Partov-e Moṭālaʿāt-e Taṭbīqī [The Process of Legislative Initiative and its Effective Components with Emphasis on the Addressee of the Law in the Light of Comparative Studies]. Hoquq-e Tatbiqi-ye Mo'aser [Contemporary Comparative Law], No. 27. doi: 10.22034/law.2022.45927.2896 [in Persian].
  20. Hasanlou, Nasirallah (1401 SH/2022). Olgū-ye Feqhī-Ḥoqūqī-ye Neẓām-sāzī-ye Eslāmī; Āsībhā va Rāhkārhā [Jurisprudential-Legal Model of Islamic System-Building; Pathologies and Solutions]. Feqh-e Nezam-saz [System-Building Jurisprudence], No. 2 [in Persian].
  21. Hasebe, Y. (2003). Constitutional borrowing and political theory. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 1.
  22. Hendrianto, S. (2015). Convergence or borrowing. Constitutional Review, 1.
  23. Kahf, Monzer (1384 SH/2005). Toseʿeh-ye Pāydār dar Kešvarhā-ye Eslāmī (Saeed Farahanifard & Mohammad Ali Farahanifard, Trans.) [Sustainable Development in Islamic Countries]. Eqtesad-e Eslami [Islamic Economics], No. 17 [in Persian].
  24. Madani, Jalal al-Din (1382 SH/2003). Morūrī bar Šekl-gīrī-ye Qānūn-e Asāsī-ye Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān [An Overview of the Formation of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran]. Zamaneh, No. 16 [in Persian].
  25. Mate, M. (2010). The origins of due process in India. Berkeley Journal of International Law, 28.
  26. Moradkhani, Fardin (1400 SH/2021). Taġyīr-e Ġayr-e Rasmī-ye Qānūn-e Asāsī (Mabānī, Maṣādīq va Rūykerdhā) [Informal Constitutional Change (Foundations, Instances, and Approaches)]. Tahqiqat-e Hoquqi [Legal Research], No. 93. doi: 10.22034/jlr.2021.157731.1271 [in Persian].
  27. Mostafavi Taraqqi, Sayyid Javad (1357 SH/1978). Moḥkamāt-e Eslām [The Decisives of Islam]. Motale'at-e Eslami [Islamic Studies], Nos. 26 & 27 [in Persian].
  28. Motahari, Morteza (1368 SH/1989). Nahżat-hā-ye Eslāmī dar Ṣad-sāleh-ye Aḵīr [Islamic Movements in the Last Hundred Years]. Tehran: Sadra [in Persian].
  29. Mousavi Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhollah (1370 SH/1991). Ṣaḥīfeh-ye Nūr (Vol. 8). Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance [in Persian].
  30. Mousavi Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhollah (1385 SH/2006). Velāyat-e Faqīh [Guardianship of the Jurist]. Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works [in Persian].
  31. Mousazadeh, Ebrahim (1399 SH/2020). Oṣūl va Moʾallafeh-hā-ye Neẓām-sāzī-ye Eslāmī bā Taʾkīd bar Bayānīyeh-ye Gām-e Dovvom-e Enqelāb [Principles and Components of Islamic System-Building with Emphasis on the Second Step of the Revolution Declaration]. Hokumat-e Eslami [Islamic Government], No. 95 [in Persian].
  32. Najafi, Mousa, & Gholami, Reza (1397 SH/2018). Enqelāb-e Eslāmī va Naqš-e Miḥvarī-ye Ān dar Šekl-gīrī-ye Tamaddon-e Novīn-e Eslāmī bā Taʾkīd bar Doktrīn-e Emāmat [The Islamic Revolution and Its Pivotal Role in the Formation of the Modern Islamic Civilization with Emphasis on the Doctrine of Imamate]. Motale'at-e Enqelab-e Eslami [Islamic Revolution Studies], No. 55 [in Persian].
  33. Perju, V. (2012). Constitutional transplants, borrowing, and migrations. Research Paper.
  34. Pirouzmand, Alireza (1400 SH/2021). Pīšāmad va Pasāmad-e Olgū-ye Toseʿeh-ye Eslāmī [Antecedents and Consequences of the Islamic Development Model]. Motale'at-e Hoquq-e Shahrvandi [Citizenship Law Studies], No. 20 [in Persian].
  35. Rosenkrantz, C. F. (2003). Against borrowings. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 1.
  36. Sadr, Sayyid Mohammad Baqir (1403 AH/1983). al-Eslām yaqūd al-ḥayāt. Tehran: Ministry of Islamic Guidance [in Arabic].
  37. Salari, Mohammad Mehdi (1391 SH/2012). Jāygāh-e Vāžeh-sāzī va Nehād-sāzī dar Taʾsīs-e Tamaddon-e Bozorg-e Eslāmī [The Status of Word Coinage and Institution Building in Establishing the Great Islamic Civilization] (In Selected Articles of the Islamic Awakening Theory Conference by the Secretariat of the Islamic Awakening Theory Conference). Tehran: Enqelab-e Eslami [in Persian].
  38. Tebbe, N., & Tsai, R. L. (2009). Constitutional borrowing. Michigan Law Review, 108.
  39. Vaezi, Sayyid Mojtaba, & Rostami, Maryam (1403 SH/2024). Dīn-e Rasmī dar Neẓām-e Ḥoqūqī-ye Īrān; Čīstī-ye Mafhūm va Kārkard ["Official Religion" in the Iranian Legal System; The Nature of the Concept and Function]. Motale'at-e Hoquqi [Legal Studies], No. 4. doi: 10.22099/jls.2024.49603.5124 [in Persian].

  • Received 07 May 2026
  • Accepted 13 June 2026